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Mishneh Torah, Reading the Shema

Chapter 2

אהַקּוֹרֵא אֶת שְׁמַע וְלֹא כִּוֵּן לִבּוֹ בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהוּא (דברים ו ד) ״שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל״ לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ וְהַשְּׁאָר אִם לֹא כִּוֵּן לִבּוֹ יָצָא. אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה קוֹרֵא בַּתּוֹרָה כְּדַרְכּוֹ אוֹ מַגִּיהַּ אֶת הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת הָאֵלּוּ בְּעוֹנַת קְרִיאָה יָצָא וְהוּא שֶׁכִּוֵּן לִבּוֹ בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן:

1One who recites the first verse of Kri'at Shema1 - i.e., Shema Yisrael... - without intention,2 does not fulfill his obligation.3 [One who recites] the rest without intention fulfills his obligation.4
Even a person studying Torah in his usual way5 or proofreading these portions6 at the time of Kri'at Shema fulfills his obligation provided he concentrates his intention for the first verse.7

בכָּל אָדָם קוֹרִין כְּדַרְכָּן בֵּין עוֹמְדִין בֵּין מְהַלְּכִין בֵּין שׁוֹכְבִין בֵּין רוֹכְבִין עַל גַּבֵּי בְּהֵמָה. וְאָסוּר לִקְרוֹת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע וְהוּא מֻטָּל וּפָנָיו טוּחוֹת בַּקַּרְקַע אוֹ מֻשְׁלָךְ עַל גַּבּוֹ וּפָנָיו לְמַעְלָה. אֲבָל קוֹרֵא הוּא וְהוּא שׁוֹכֵב עַל צִדּוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה בַּעַל בָּשָׂר הַרְבֵּה וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהִתְהַפֵּךְ עַל צִדּוֹ אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה חוֹלֶה נוֹטֶה מְעַט לְצִדּוֹ וְקוֹרֵא:

2A person may recite [the Shema] as he is,8 whether standing, walking, lying down9 or riding on the back of an animal.10 It is forbidden to recite the Shema while lying face down on the ground or flat on one's back with his face pointing upwards.11 However, one may recite it lying on his side.12
A particularly obese person who cannot turn over onto his side or a sick person should lean slightly to the side and [then] recite it.13

גמִי שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ עַל רַגְלָיו עוֹמֵד בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן וְהַשְּׁאָר קוֹרֵא וְהוּא מְהַלֵּךְ. הָיָה יָשֵׁן מְצַעֲרִין אוֹתוֹ וּמְעִירִין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא פָּסוּק רִאשׁוֹן וּמִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ אִם אֲנָסַתּוּ שֵׁנָה אֵין מְצַעֲרִין אוֹתוֹ:

3A person who is walking on foot must stop for the first verse.14 He may recite the rest while walking.15 If one is sleeping, we should disturb him by awakening him until he reads the first verse.16 From that point on, if he is overcome by sleep, we are not obligated to disturb him.17

דמִי שֶׁהָיָה עוֹסֵק בִּמְלָאכָה מַפְסִיק עַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא פָּרָשָׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה כֻּלָּהּ. וְכֵן הָאֻמָּנִין בְּטֵלִין מִמְּלַאכְתָּן בְּפָרָשָׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תְּהֵא קְרִיאָתָן עַרְאַי, וְהַשְּׁאָר קוֹרֵא הוּא כְּדַרְכּוֹ וְעוֹסֵק בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ. אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּרֹאשׁ הָאִילָן אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַכֹּתֶל קוֹרֵא בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וּמְבָרֵךְ לְפָנֶיהָ וּלְאַחֲרֶיהָ:

4A person who is involved in work must stop while he recites the whole first section.18 Artisans19 must also interrupt their work for the first section, in order that their recitation should not be haphazard.20 They may recite the rest while working21 in their normal manner. Even one standing in a tree or on top of a wall may read [the Shema] where he is,22 reciting the blessings before and after it.23

ההָיָה עוֹסֵק בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה וְהִגִּיעַ זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע פּוֹסֵק וְקוֹרֵא וּמְבָרֵךְ לְפָנֶיהָ וּלְאַחֲרֶיהָ. הָיָה עוֹסֵק בְּצָרְכֵי רַבִּים לֹא יִפְסֹק אֶלָּא יִגְמֹר עִסְקֵיהֶן וְיִקְרָא אִם נִשְׁאָר עֵת לִקְרוֹת:

5A person who is studying Torah when the time to recite the Shema arrives should stop to recite the Shema24 with the blessings before and after it.25 One who is involved in community matters should not stop,26 but rather finishes his work27 and reads the Shema if there is still time left.28

והָיָה עוֹסֵק בַּאֲכִילָה אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה בַּמֶּרְחָץ אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹסֵק בְּתִסְפֹּרֶת אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מְהַפֵּךְ בְּעוֹרוֹת אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹסְקִין בַּדִּין גּוֹמֵר וְאַחַר כָּךְ קוֹרֵא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע. וְאִם הָיָה מִתְיָרֵא שֶׁמָּא יַעֲבֹר זְמַן קְרִיאָה וּפָסַק וְקָרָא הֲרֵי זֶה מְשֻׁבָּח:

6A person who is eating, is in the bathhouse, is having a haircut, is working with skins29 or is involved in court,30 should complete [his task] and recite the Shema afterwards. If he fears that the time for its recitation31 will pass, and, [therefore,] stops to recite it, he has acted in a praiseworthy fashion.32

זמִי שֶׁיָּרַד לִטְבּל אִם יָכוֹל לַעֲלוֹת וּלְהִתְכַּסּוֹת קֹדֶם שֶׁתָּנֵץ הַחַמָּה יַעֲלֶה וְיִתְכַּסֶּה וְיִקְרָא. וְאִם הָיָה מִתְיָרֵא שֶׁמָּא תָּנֵץ הַחַמָּה קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּקְרָא יִתְכַּסֶּה בַּמַּיִם שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בָּהֶן וְיִקְרָא. וְלֹא יִתְכַּסֶּה לֹא בַּמַּיִם הָרָעִים שֶׁרֵיחָן רַע וְלֹא בְּמֵי הַמִּשְׁרֶה וְלֹא בְּמַיִם צְלוּלִין מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעֶרְוָתוֹ נִרְאֵית בָּהֶן. אֲבָל מִתְכַּסֶּה הוּא בְּמַיִם עֲכוּרִין שֶׁאֵין רֵיחָן רַע וְקוֹרֵא בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:

7A person who immerses in a ritual bath and is able to come up and dress before sunrise, should do so, and [then] recite [the Shema].33 If he is afraid that perhaps the sun will rise34 before he can recite the Shema,35 he should cover himself with the water in which he stands and recite the Shema.36
He should not cover himself with putrid water that has an unpleasant odor37 or with water that has been used for soaking flax38 or with water so clean that his nakedness is visible.39 However, he may cover himself with murky water that has no unpleasant odor and recite [the Shema] where he is.40

חהַקּוֹרֵא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע לֹא יִרְמֹז בְּעֵינָיו וְלֹא יִקְרֹץ בִּשְׂפָתָיו וְלֹא יַרְאֶה בְּאֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תִּהְיֶה קְרִיאָתוֹ עַרְאַי. וְאִם עָשָׂה כֵּן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מְגֻנֶּה. וְצָרִיךְ לְהַשְׁמִיעַ לְאָזְנוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא קוֹרֵא וְאִם לֹא הִשְׁמִיעַ לְאָזְנוֹ יָצָא. וְצָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק בְּאוֹתִיּוֹתָיו וְאִם לֹא דִּקְדֵּק יָצָא:

8While reciting the Shema, one should not gesture with his eyes or lips, or point with his fingers,41 in order that his reading not be haphazard.42 If one were to do this, although he does fulfill his obligation, he has acted improperly.43
One should recite the Shema so that his words are audible to himself.44 [However, even] if he does not do this, he fulfills his obligation.45 One must enunciate the letters clearly.46 [However, even] if he does not do this, he fulfills his obligation.47

טכֵּיצַד יְדַקְדֵּק. יִשְׁמֹר שֶׁלֹּא יַרְפֶּה הֶחָזָק וְלֹא יַחֲזִיק הֲרָפֶה וְלֹא יָנִיחַ הַנָּד וְלֹא יָנִיד הַנָּח. לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לִתֵּן רֶוַח בֵּין הַדְּבָקִים בֵּין כָּל שְׁתֵּי אוֹתִיּוֹת הַדּוֹמוֹת שֶׁאַחַת מֵהֶן סוֹף תֵּבָה וְהָאַחֶרֶת תְּחִלַּת תֵּבָה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ. כְּגוֹן בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ קוֹרֵא בְּכָל וְשׁוֹהֶה וְחוֹזֵר וְקוֹרֵא לְבָבְךָ. וְכֵן וַאֲבַדְתֶּם מְהֵרָה. הַכָּנָף פְּתִיל. וְצָרִיךְ לְבָאֵר זַיִ״ן שֶׁל תִּזְכְּרוּ. וְצָרִיךְ לְהַאֲרִיךְ בְּדָלֶ״ת שֶׁל אֶחָד כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּמְלִיכֵהוּ בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ וּבְאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת. וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁלֹּא יַחְטֹף בַּחֵי״ת כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא כְּאוֹמֵר אֵי חָד:

9How must one enunciate? He must be careful not to pronounce [a letter with] a strong dagesh as if there were no dagesh,48 or [a letter with] no dagesh as if there were one.49 Nor should one pronounce the silent sheva50 or silence the pronounced sheva.51
Therefore, one must pause between two words in which the first word ends with the same letter with which the second word begins.52 For example, when reading בכל לבבך (bechol levavcha) (Deuteronomy 6:5), one should pause slightly between בכל (bechol) and לבבך (levavcha). [One should act] similarly in the cases of ואבדתם מהרה (va'avad'tem meheirah) (Deuteronomy 11:17) and הכנף53 פתיל (hacanaf p'til) (Numbers 15:38).
One must also pronounce distinctly the zayin of תזכרו (tizkeru) (Numbers54 15:40).
One should sufficiently elongate the dalet in אחד (echad) (Deuteronomy 6:4) in order to proclaim God's sovereignty over the Heaven and the Earth, and all four directions. The chet in אחד (echad, ibid.) should not be55 shortened so that the word sounds like איחד (ee-chad).56

יקוֹרֵא אָדָם אֶת שְׁמַע בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מְבִינָהּ. וְהַקּוֹרֵא בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן צָרִיךְ לְהִזָּהֵר מִדִּבְרֵי שִׁבּוּשׁ שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַלָּשׁוֹן וּמְדַקְדֵּק בְּאוֹתוֹ הַלָּשׁוֹן כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּדַקְדֵּק בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ:

10A person may recite the Shema in any language he understands.57 One who recites in a foreign language must be as scrupulous in his enunciation as if he were reciting it in the Holy Tongue.58

יאהַקּוֹרֵא לְמַפְרֵעַ לֹא יָצָא. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּסֵדֶר הַפְּסוּקִים אֲבָל אִם הִקְדִּים פָּרָשָׁה לְפָרָשָׁה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי אֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁיָּצָא לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָהּ סְמוּכָה לָהּ בַּתּוֹרָה. קָרָא פָּסוּק וְחָזַר וּקְרָאוֹ פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה הֲרֵי זֶה מְגֻנֶּה. קָרָא מִלָּה אַחַת וּכְפָלָהּ כְּגוֹן שֶׁקָּרָא שְׁמַע שְׁמַע מְשַׁתְּקִין אוֹתוֹ:

11One who reads [the Shema] out of order does not fulfill his obligation. This refers to the order of the verses.59 However, were one to reverse the order of the sections,60 even though it is not permitted,61 I hold62 that he does fulfill his obligation, since these sections are not sequential in the Torah.63
To recite a verse and then repeat it again is improper. One who reads a word and then repeats it, such as one who recites Shema, Shema, should be silenced.64

יבקְרָאָהּ סֵרוּגִין יָצָא. אֲפִלּוּ שָׁהָה בֵּין סֵרוּג לְסֵרוּג כְּדֵי לִגְמֹר אֶת כֻּלָּהּ יָצָא. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּקְרָא עַל הַסֵּדֶר. קְרָאָהּ מִתְנַמְנֵם וְהוּא מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עֵר וְלֹא נִרְדָּם בְּשֵׁנָה יָצָא. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה עֵר בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן:

12If one reads intermittently,65 he fulfills his obligation, even if he pauses between each reading an amount of time sufficient to complete the entire Kri'at Shema.66
This refers to the one who recites it in order.67 If one recites it while drowsy68 - i.e., not fully awake, but not fast asleep - he fulfills his obligation, as long as he was fully awake while reciting the first verse.69

יגסָפֵק קָרָא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע סָפֵק לֹא קָרָא חוֹזֵר וְקוֹרֵא וּמְבָרֵךְ לְפָנֶיהָ וּלְאַחֲרֶיהָ. אֲבָל אִם יָדַע שֶׁקָּרָא וְנִסְתַּפֵּק לוֹ אִם בֵּרֵךְ לְפָנֶיהָ וּלְאַחֲרֶיהָ אוֹ לֹא בֵּרֵךְ אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ. קָרָא וְטָעָה יַחֲזֹר לַמָּקוֹם שֶׁטָּעָה. נֶעֱלַם מִמֶּנּוּ בֵּין פָּרָשָׁה לְפָרָשָׁה וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אֵי זוֹ פָּרָשָׁה הִשְׁלִים וְאֵי זוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַתְחִיל חוֹזֵר לְפָרָשָׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁהוּא (דברים ו ה) ״וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת יְיָ׳‎ אֱלֹהֶיךָ״ וְגוֹ׳‎:

13One who is unsure whether or not he recited the Shema,70 should recite it with the blessings before and after it.71 However, if he is sure that he recited the Shema, but is in doubt regarding whether he recited the blessings before and after it, he need not recite the blessings again.72
A person who made a mistake while reciting [the Shema]73 should return to the point of his mistake.74 If one becomes confused and forgets which section he has just completed,75 he should return to the first section76 - i.e., "And you shall love God, your Lord" (Deuteronomy 6:5).

ידטָעָה בְּאֶמְצַע הַפֶּרֶק וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לְהֵיכָן פָּסַק חוֹזֵר לְרֹאשׁ הַפֶּרֶק. הָיָה קוֹרֵא וּכְתַבְתָּם וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אִם הוּא בְּוּכְתַבְתָּם שֶׁל שְׁמַע אוֹ בְּוּכְתַבְתָּם שֶׁבִּוְהָיָה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ חוֹזֵר לְוּכְתַבְתָּם שֶׁל שְׁמַע. וְאִם נִסְתַּפֵּק לוֹ אַחַר שֶׁקָּרָא לְמַעַן יִרְבּוּ יְמֵיכֶם אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר שֶׁעַל הֶרְגֵּל לְשׁוֹנוֹ הוּא הוֹלֵךְ:

14A person who errs in the middle of a section and is unaware of where he paused,77 should return to the beginning of that section.78
One who recited וכתבתם (uch'tavtam)79 but does not know whether or not he recited uch'tavtam of [the section of] "Shema"80 or of [the section of] והיה אם שמוע (And if you will listen),81 should return to uch'tavtam of "Shema."82 However, if his doubt arises only after having recited למען ירבו ימיכם (In order that your days be multiplied) (Deuteronomy 11:21), he need not return, because [we assume] he has recited in accordance with the natural pattern of his speech.83

טוהָיָה קוֹרֵא וּפָגַע בַּאֲחֵרִים אוֹ פָּגְעוּ בּוֹ אֲחֵרִים. אִם הָיָה בֵּין פֶּרֶק לְפֶרֶק פּוֹסֵק וּמַתְחִיל וְשׁוֹאֵל שְׁלוֹם מִי שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בִּכְבוֹדוֹ כְּגוֹן שֶׁפָּגַע בְּאָבִיו אוֹ רַבּוֹ אוֹ מִי שֶׁהוּא גָּדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּחָכְמָה. וּמֵשִׁיב שָׁלוֹם לְכָל אָדָם שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ שָׁלוֹם:

15[The following rules apply when] one encounters other people or is approached by them while reciting the Shema.84 If he is between sections,85 he should stop and greet those he is obligated to honor86 - e.g., his father,87 his teacher88 or anyone greater than he in learning.89 He may return the greetings of any person who initiates the friendly exchange.

טזהָיָה קוֹרֵא בְּאֶמְצַע הַפָּרָשָׁה אֵינוֹ פּוֹסֵק וּמַתְחִיל לִשְׁאל אֶלָּא בִּשְׁלוֹם מִי שֶׁהוּא מִתְיָרֵא מִמֶּנּוּ כְּגוֹן מֶלֶךְ אוֹ אַנָּס וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בִּכְבוֹדוֹ כְּגוֹן אָבִיו אוֹ רַבּוֹ אִם נָתַן לוֹ שָׁלוֹם תְּחִלָּה פּוֹסֵק וּמֵשִׁיב לוֹ שָׁלוֹם:

16If one is in the middle [of a section], he may stop and initiate an exchange of greetings only with someone of whom he is afraid90 - e.g., a king or tyrant. However, he may return the greetings of those he is obligated to honor91 - e.g., his father or his teacher.

יזוְאֵלּוּ הֵן בֵּין הַפְּרָקִים. בֵּין בְּרָכָה רִאשׁוֹנָה לַשְּׁנִיָּה. בֵּין שְׁנִיָּה לִשְׁמַע. בֵּין שְׁמַע לִוְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ. בֵּין וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ לְוַיֹּאמֶר. בֵּין הַפְּרָקִים הָאֵלּוּ שׁוֹאֵל מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד וּמֵשִׁיב שָׁלוֹם לְכָל אָדָם. אֲבָל בֵּין וַיֹּאמֶר לֶאֱמֶת וְיַצִּיב הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאֶמְצַע הַפֶּרֶק וְלֹא יַפְסִיק אֶלָּא לִשְׁאל מִפְּנֵי הַיִּרְאָה וּלְהָשִׁיב מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד:

17These are the intervals between the sections: between the first blessing and the second; between the second [blessing] and Shema;92 between the first and second sections of Kri'at Shema; between the second and third sections of Kri'at Shema.
Between these sections, one initiates an exchange with one whom it is his duty to honor and responds to the greetings of anyone.93 However, the interval between the end of the third section of Kri'at Shema and [the paragraph beginning with] Emet v'yatziv is considered the middle of a section,94 and one may interrupt only to greet one of whom one is afraid, or to respond to the greetings of someone one is obligated to honor.95

Sefaria: Torat Emet 370 · Public domain · sefaria.org

Sefaria: Mishneh Torah, trans. by Eliyahu Touger. Jerusalem, Moznaim Pub. c1986-c2007 · CC BY-NC · sefaria.org

Imported from sefaria · Sefaria: Torat Emet 370 · public-domain · at the source

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