Chapter 1

אנָשִׁים וַעֲבָדִים וּקְטַנִּים פְּטוּרִים מִתַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה. אֲבָל קָטָן אָבִיו חַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יא יט) "וְלִמַּדְתֶּם אֹתָם אֶת בְּנֵיכֶם לְדַבֵּר בָּם". וְאֵין הָאִשָּׁה חַיֶּבֶת לְלַמֵּד אֶת בְּנָהּ. שֶׁכָּל הַחַיָּב לִלְמֹד חַיָּב לְלַמֵּד:

1Women,¹ slaves,² and minors³ are free from the obligation of Torah study.⁴ Nevertheless,⁵ a father is obligated⁶ to teach his son Torah⁷ while he is a minor, as [Deuteronomy 11:19] states: "And you shall teach them to your sons to speak about them."
A⁸ woman is not obligated to teach her son,⁹ for only those who are obligated to learn are obligated to teach.¹⁰

בכְּשֵׁם שֶׁחַיָּב אָדָם לְלַמֵּד אֶת בְּנוֹ כָּךְ הוּא חַיָּב לְלַמֵּד אֶת בֶּן בְּנוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ט) "וְהוֹדַעְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ וְלִבְנֵי בָנֶיךָ". וְלֹא בְּנוֹ וּבֶן בְּנוֹ בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא מִצְוָה עַל כָּל חָכָם וְחָכָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל לְלַמֵּד אֶת כָּל הַתַּלְמִידִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָן בָּנָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ו ז) "וְשִׁנַּנְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ בָּנֶיךָ אֵלּוּ תַּלְמִידֶיךָ שֶׁהַתַּלְמִידִים קְרוּיִין בָּנִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב ב ג) "וַיֵּצְאוּ בְנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים". אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נִצְטַוָּה עַל בְּנוֹ וְעַל בֶּן בְּנוֹ. לְהַקְדִּים בְּנוֹ לְבֶן בְּנוֹ וּבֶן בְּנוֹ לְבֶן חֲבֵרוֹ:

2Just as a person is obligated to teach his son, so, too, is he obligated to teach his grandson,¹¹ as [Deuteronomy 4:9] commands: "And you shall teach them to your sons and your grandsons."
[Furthermore,¹² this charge is not confined] to one's children and grandchildren alone. Rather, it is a mitzvah for each and every wise man¹³ to teach all students, even though they are not his children, as [Deuteronomy 6:7] states: "And you shall teach them to your sons..." The oral tradition¹⁴ explains: "Your sons," these are your students, for students are also called sons,¹⁵ as [II Kings 2:3] states: "And the sons of the prophets went forth."
If¹⁶ so, why do the commandments¹⁷ [explicitly mention] one's son and grandson? To grant precedence¹⁸ to one's son over one's grandson, and one's grandson over the son of a colleague.¹⁹

גוְחַיָּב לִשְׂכֹּר מְלַמֵּד לִבְנוֹ לְלַמְּדוֹ. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְלַמֵּד בֶּן חֲבֵרוֹ אֶלָּא בְּחִנָּם. מִי שֶׁלֹּא לִמְּדוֹ אָבִיו חַיָּב לְלַמֵּד אֶת עַצְמוֹ כְּשֶׁיַּכִּיר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ה א) "וּלְמַדְתֶּם אֹתָם וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם לַעֲשֹׂתָם". וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהַתַּלְמוּד קוֹדֵם לַמַּעֲשֶׂה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתַּלְמוּד מֵבִיא לִידֵי מַעֲשֶׂה וְאֵין הַמַּעֲשֶׂה מֵבִיא לִידֵי תַּלְמוּד:

3Also,²⁰ one is obligated to hire a teacher for one's son,²¹ while one is not required to undertake any expense to teach a colleague's son.²²
A person who was not instructed by his father is obligated to arrange for his own instruction²³ when he can understand,²⁴ as [Deuteronomy 5:1] states: "And you shall study them and take heed to perform them."
Similarly, in every place, one finds that study takes precedence over deed,²⁵ for study brings about deed.²⁶ However, deed does not bring about study.²⁷

דהָיָה הוּא רוֹצֶה לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה וְיֵשׁ לוֹ בֵּן לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה הוּא קוֹדֵם לִבְנוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה בְּנוֹ נָבוֹן וּמַשְׂכִּיל לְהָבִין מַה שֶּׁיִּלְמֹד יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנּוּ בְּנוֹ קוֹדֵם. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבְּנוֹ קוֹדֵם לֹא יִבָּטֵל הוּא. שֶׁכְּשֵׁם שֶׁמִּצְוָה עָלָיו לְלַמֵּד אֶת בְּנוֹ כָּךְ הוּא מְצֻוֶּה לְלַמֵּד עַצְמוֹ:

4If a person wants to study Torah and he has a son whom he should teach Torah,²⁸ his [study] takes priority over [that of] his son.²⁹ If his son is wiser and a more creative thinker and thus capable of understanding what he studies more than he [himself] is, his son is given priority.³⁰
Even though his son is granted priority, he should not neglect [his own studies].³¹ For just as he is commanded to teach his son, he is commanded to teach himself.³²

הלְעוֹלָם יִלְמֹד אָדָם תּוֹרָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה שֶׁאִם נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה תְּחִלָּה אֵין דַּעְתּוֹ פְּנוּיָה לִלְמֹד. וְאִם הָיָה יִצְרוֹ מִתְגַּבֵּר עָלָיו עַד שֶׁנִּמְצָא שֶׁאֵין לִבּוֹ פָּנוּי יִשָּׂא וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה:

5A person should always³³ study Torah and, afterwards, marry.³⁴ If he marries first, his mind will not be free for study.³⁵ However, if his natural inclination overcomes him to the extent that his mind is not free,³⁶ he should marry, and then study Torah.³⁷

ומֵאֵימָתַי אָבִיו חַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה. מִשֶּׁיַּתְחִיל לְדַבֵּר מְלַמְּדוֹ (דברים לג ד) "תּוֹרָה צִוָּה לָנוּ משֶׁה" וּ(דברים ו ד) "שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל", וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְלַמְּדוֹ מְעַט מְעַט פְּסוּקִים פְּסוּקִים עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בֶּן שֵׁשׁ אוֹ בֶּן שֶׁבַע הַכּל לְפִי בֻּרְיוֹ. וּמוֹלִיכוֹ אֵצֶל מְלַמֵּד הַתִּינוֹקוֹת:

6At what age is a father obligated to teach [his son]³⁸ Torah?
When he³⁹ begins to speak, he⁴⁰ should teach him⁴¹ Torah tzivah lanu Moshe...⁴² (Deuteronomy 33:4) and Shema Yisrael⁴³... (ibid. 6:4).
Afterwards, he should teach him [selected verses],⁴⁴ little by little, verse by verse, until he is six or seven⁴⁵ - depending on his health⁴⁶ - [at which time] he should take him⁴⁷ to a teacher of young children.⁴⁸

זהָיָה מִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה לִקַּח מְלַמֵּד הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שָׂכָר נוֹתֵן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ. וְחַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ בְּשָׂכָר עַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב כֻּלָּהּ. מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְלַמֵּד תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב בְּשָׂכָר מֻתָּר לְלַמֵּד בְּשָׂכָר. אֲבָל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה אָסוּר לְלַמְּדָהּ בְּשָׂכָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ה) "רְאֵה לִמַּדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוַּנִי ה'" וְגוֹ' מָה אֲנִי בְּחִנָּם לָמַדְתִּי אַף אַתֶּם לְמַדְתֶּם בְּחִנָּם מִמֶּנִּי וְכֵן כְּשֶׁתְּלַמְּדוּ לְדוֹרוֹת לַמְּדוּ בְּחִנָּם כְּמוֹ שֶׁלְּמַדְתֶּם מִמֶּנִּי. לֹא מָצָא מִי שֶׁיְּלַמְּדוֹ בְּחִנָּם יְלַמְּדוֹ בְּשָׂכָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֱמֶת קְנֵה. יָכוֹל יְלַמֵּד לַאֲחֵרִים בְּשָׂכָר. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (משלי כג כג) "וְאַל תִּמְכֹּר". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁאָסוּר לוֹ לְלַמֵּד בְּשָׂכָר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ רַבּוֹ בְּשָׂכָר:

7If it is local custom for a teacher of young children to take payment, he should be paid.⁴⁹ [The father] is obligated to pay for his instruction until he can read the entire⁵⁰ written Torah.⁵¹
In a place where it is customary to receive a wage for teaching the written Torah, one is permitted to do so.⁵² However, it is forbidden to take a wage for teaching the Oral Law,⁵³ as [implied by Deuteronomy 4:5]: "Behold, I have taught you laws and statutes, as God commanded me."⁵⁴ [Our Sages teach that Moses was implying:] Just as I learned at no cost,⁵⁵ so, too, have you been taught from me at no cost.⁵⁶ Teach the coming generations in a like manner. Teach them at no cost as you have learned from⁵⁷ me."
[Nevertheless,] if a person cannot find someone to teach him at no cost, he must pay for his studies, as [implied by Proverbs 23:23]: "Buy truth."⁵⁸ May he charge to teach others? We learn [ibid.]: "but do not sell." Thus, it can be derived that it is forbidden to charge to teach Torah even though one's teacher charged to instruct him.⁵⁹

חכָּל אִישׁ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּב בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בֵּין עָנִי בֵּין עָשִׁיר בֵּין שָׁלֵם בְּגוּפוֹ בֵּין בַּעַל יִסּוּרִין בֵּין בָּחוּר בֵּין שֶׁהָיָה זָקֵן גָּדוֹל שֶׁתָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה עָנִי הַמִּתְפַּרְנֵס מִן הַצְּדָקָה וּמְחַזֵּר עַל הַפְּתָחִים וַאֲפִלּוּ בַּעַל אִשָּׁה וּבָנִים חַיָּב לִקְבֹּעַ לוֹ זְמַן לְתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע א ח) "וְהָגִיתָ בּוֹ יוֹמָם וָלַיְלָה":

8Every Jewish man is obligated to study Torah,⁶⁰ whether he is poor or rich,⁶¹ whether his body is healthy and whole or afflicted by difficulties,⁶² whether he is young⁶³ or an old man whose strength has diminished.⁶⁴
Even if he is a poor man who derives his livelihood from charity and begs from door to door, even if he is a husband and [a father of] children,⁶⁵ he must establish a fixed time for Torah study during the day and at night, as [Joshua 1:8] commands: "You shall think about it day and night."⁶⁶

טגְּדוֹלֵי חַכְמֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ מֵהֶן חוֹטְבֵי עֵצִים וּמֵהֶן שׁוֹאֲבֵי מַיִם וּמֵהֶן סוּמִים וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן הָיוּ עוֹסְקִין בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה וְהֵם מִכְּלַל מַעְתִּיקֵי הַשְּׁמוּעָה אִישׁ מִפִּי אִישׁ מִפִּי משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ:

9The greater Sages of Israel included wood choppers,⁶⁷ water drawers,⁶⁸ and blind men.⁶⁹ Despite these [difficulties],⁷⁰ they were occupied with Torah study day and night and were included among those who transmitted the Torah's teachings from [master] to [student in the chain stretching back to] Moses, our teacher.⁷¹

יעַד אֵימָתַי חַיָּב לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה עַד יוֹם מוֹתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ט) "וּפֶן יָסוּרוּ מִלְּבָבְךָ כּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ". וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲסֹק בְּלִמּוּד הוּא שׁוֹכֵחַ:

10Until when is a person obligated to study Torah? Until the day he dies,⁷² as [Deuteronomy 4:9] states: "Lest you remove it from your heart, all the days of your life."⁷³ Whenever a person is not involved with study, he forgets.⁷⁴

יאוְחַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּשׁ אֶת זְמַן לְמִידָתוֹ. שְׁלִישׁ בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. וּשְׁלִישׁ בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וּשְׁלִישׁ יָבִין וְיַשְׂכִּיל אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ וְיוֹצִיא דָּבָר מִדָּבָר וִידַמֶּה דָּבָר לְדָבָר וְיָבִין בַּמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן עַד שֶׁיֵּדַע הֵיאַךְ הוּא עִקַּר הַמִּדּוֹת וְהֵיאַךְ יוֹצִיא הָאָסוּר וְהַמֻּתָּר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִדְּבָרִים שֶׁלָּמַד מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה. וְעִנְיָן זֶה הוּא הַנִּקְרָא גְּמָרָא:

11A person is obligated to divide his study time in three: one third should be devoted to the Written Law; one third to the Oral Law;⁷⁵ and one third to understanding and conceptualizing the ultimate derivation of a concept from its roots, inferring one concept from another and comparing concepts,⁷⁶ understanding [the Torah] based on the principles of Biblical exegesis,⁷⁷ until one appreciates the essence of those principles and how the prohibitions and the other decisions which one received according to the oral tradition⁷⁸ can be derived using them. The latter topic is called Gemara.⁷⁹

יבכֵּיצַד. הָיָה בַּעַל אֻמָּנוּת וְהָיָה עוֹסֵק בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם וּבַתּוֹרָה תֵּשַׁע. אוֹתָן הַתֵּשַׁע קוֹרֵא בְּשָׁלֹשׁ מֵהֶן בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וּבְשָׁלֹשׁ בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה וּבְשָׁלֹשׁ אֲחֵרוֹת מִתְבּוֹנֵן בְּדַעְתּוֹ לְהָבִין דָּבָר מִדָּבָר. וְדִבְרֵי קַבָּלָה בִּכְלַל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב הֵן וּפֵרוּשָׁן בִּכְלַל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְהָעִנְיָנִים הַנִּקְרָאִים פַּרְדֵּס בִּכְלַל הַגְּמָרָא הֵן. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּתְחִלַּת תַּלְמוּדוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם אֲבָל כְּשֶׁיַּגְדִּיל בְּחָכְמָה וְלֹא יְהֵא צָרִיךְ לֹא לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְלֹא לַעֲסֹק תָּמִיד בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה יִקְרָא בְּעִתִּים מְזֻמָּנִים תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְדִבְרֵי הַשְּׁמוּעָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁכַּח דָּבָר מִדִּבְרֵי דִּינֵי תּוֹרָה וְיִפְנֶה כָּל יָמָיו לַגְּמָרָא בִּלְבַד לְפִי רֹחַב שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּלִבּוֹ וְיִשּׁוּב דַּעְתּוֹ:

12How is the above expressed?⁸⁰ A person who is a craftsman may spend three hours each day involved in his work, and [devote] nine hours to Torah study:⁸¹ In those nine hours, he should spend three reading the Written Law; three, the Oral Law; and three, meditating with his intellect to derive one concept from another.⁸²
The "words of the prophetic tradition"⁸³ are considered part of the Written Law;⁸⁴ and their explanation,⁸⁵ part of the Oral Law. The matters referred to as Pardes⁸⁶ are considered part of the Gemara.⁸⁷
The above applies in the early stages of a person's study.⁸⁸ However, when a person increases his knowledge and does not have the need to read the Written Law, or occupy himself with the Oral Law constantly,⁸⁹ he should study the Written Law and the oral tradition at designated times. Thus, he will not forget any aspect of the laws of the Torah.⁹⁰ [However,] he should focus his attention⁹¹ on the Gemara alone for his entire life,⁹² according to his ambition and his ability to concentrate.

יגאִשָּׁה שֶׁלָּמְדָה תּוֹרָה יֵשׁ לָהּ שָׂכָר אֲבָל אֵינוֹ כִּשְׂכַר הָאִישׁ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא נִצְטַוֵּית. וְכָל הָעוֹשֶׂה דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְצֻוֶּה עָלָיו לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ אֵין שְׂכָרוֹ כִּשְׂכַר הַמְצֻוֶּה שֶׁעָשָׂה אֶלָּא פָּחוֹת מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ שָׂכָר צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁלֹּא יְלַמֵּד אָדָם אֶת בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרֹב הַנָּשִׁים אֵין דַּעְתָּם מְכֻוֶּנֶת לְהִתְלַמֵּד אֶלָּא הֵן מוֹצִיאוֹת דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה לְדִבְרֵי הֲבַאי לְפִי עֲנִיּוּת דַּעְתָּן. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים כָּל הַמְלַמֵּד אֶת בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה כְּאִלּוּ לִמְּדָהּ תִּפְלוּת. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּתוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה אֲבָל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב לֹא יְלַמֵּד אוֹתָהּ לְכַתְּחִלָּה וְאִם לִמְּדָהּ אֵינוֹ כִּמְלַמְּדָהּ תִּפְלוּת:

13A woman who studies Torah will receive reward.⁹³ However, that reward will not be [as great] as a man's, since she was not commanded [in this mitzvah]. Whoever performs a deed which he is not commanded to do, does not receive as great a reward as one who performs a mitzvah that he is commanded to do.⁹⁴⁹⁵
Even though she will receive a reward, the Sages commanded that a person should not teach his daughter Torah,⁹⁶ because most women⁹⁷ cannot concentrate their attention on study, and thus transform the words of Torah into idle matters because of their lack of understanding.⁹⁸
[Thus,] our Sages declared:⁹⁹ "Whoever teaches his daughter Torah is like one who teaches her tales and parables."¹⁰⁰ This applies to the Oral Law. [With regard to] the Written Law: at the outset, one should not teach one's daughter. However, if one teaches her, it is not considered as if she was taught idle things.¹⁰¹

Sefaria: Torat Emet 363 · Public domain · sefaria.org

Sefaria: Mishneh Torah, trans. by Eliyahu Touger. Jerusalem, Moznaim Pub. c1986-c2007 · CC BY-NC · sefaria.org